Impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on cognitive function and neurodegeneration in humans:A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION: This article documents an emerging body of evidence concerning the neurological effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure with regard to cognitive function and increased risk of neurodegeneration. METHODS: Two electronic databases, PubMed and Web of Science, were systematically searched. RESULTS: The 37/428 studies selected included outcomes measuring cognitive function, neurobehavioral symptoms of impaired cognition, and pathologies associated with neurodegeneration from pre-natal (21/37 studies), childhood (14/37 studies), and adult (8/37 studies) PAH exposure. Sufficient evidence was found surrounding pre-natal exposure negatively impacting child intelligence, mental development, average overall development, verbal IQ, and memory; externalizing, internalizing, anxious, and depressed behaviors; and behavioral development and child attentiveness. Evidence concerning exposure during childhood and as an adult was scarce and highly heterogeneous; however, the presence of neurodegenerative biomarkers and increased concentrations of cryptic “self” antigens in serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples suggest a higher risk of neurodegenerative disease. Associations with lowered cognitive ability and impaired attentiveness were found in children and memory disturbances, specifically auditory memory, verbal learning, and general memory in adults. DISCUSSION: Although evidence is not yet conclusive and further research is needed, the studies included supported the hypothesis that PAH exposure negatively impacts cognitive function and increases the risk of neurodegeneration in humans, and recommends considering the introduction of a variable “rural vs. urban” as covariate for adjusting analyses, where the neurological functions affected (as result of our review) are outcome variables

Reconstruction Schemes for MR Data. Discussion Session

The high fidelity reconstruction of compressed and low-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) data is essential for simultaneously improving patient care, accuracy in diagnosis and quality in clinical research. Sponsored by the Royal Society through the Newton Mobility Grant Scheme, a half-day workshop on reconstruction schemes for MR data was held on the 17th of August 2016 to discuss new ideas from related research fields that could be useful to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional reconstruction methods that have been evaluated up to date. Participants were 21 university students, computer scientists, image analysts, engineers and physicists from institutions from 6 different countries. The discussion evolved around exploring new avenues to achieve high resolution, high quality and fast acquisition of MR imaging. This presentation introduces and reflects on these discussion topics

Automatic Spatial Estimation of White Matter Hyperintensities Evolution in Brain MRI using Disease Evolution Predictor Deep Neural Networks

Funds from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), Ministry of Finance, Republic of Indonesia (MFR); Row Fogo Charitable Trust (Grant No. BRO-D.FID3668413)(MCVH); Wellcome Trust (patient recruitment, scanning, primary study Ref No. WT088134/Z/09/A); Fondation Leducq (Perivascular Spaces Transatlantic Network of Excellence); EU Horizon 2020 (SVDs@Target); and the MRC UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Edinburgh (Wardlaw programme) are gratefully acknowledged. The Titan Xp used for this research was donated by the NVIDIA Corporation.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Evaluation of Enhanced Learning Techniques for Segmenting Ischaemic Stroke Lesions in Brain Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Images Using a Convolutional Neural Network Scheme

Magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging non-invasively measures cerebral perfusion, which describes the blood's passage through the brain's vascular network. Therefore, it is widely used to assess cerebral ischaemia. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) constitute the state-of-the-art method in automatic pattern recognition and hence, in segmentation tasks. But none of the CNN architectures developed to date have achieved high accuracy when segmenting ischaemic stroke lesions, being the main reasons their heterogeneity in location, shape, size, image intensity and texture, especially in this imaging modality. We use a freely available CNN framework, developed for MR imaging lesion segmentation, as core algorithm to evaluate the impact of enhanced machine learning techniques, namely data augmentation, transfer learning and post-processing, in the segmentation of stroke lesions using the ISLES 2017 dataset, which contains expert annotated diffusion-weighted perfusion and diffusion brain MRI of 43 stroke patients. Of all the techniques evaluated, data augmentation with binary closing achieved the best results, improving the mean Dice score in 17% over the baseline model. Consistent with previous works, better performance was obtained in the presence of large lesions

Analysis of dynamic texture and spatial spectral descriptors of dynamic contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance images for studying small vessel disease

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) comprises various pathological processes affecting small brain vessels and damaging white and grey matter. In this paper, we propose a framework comprising region of interest sampling, dynamic spectral and texture description, functional principal component analysis, and statistical analysis to study exogenous contrast agent distribution over time in various brain regions in patients with recent mild stroke and SVD features.We compared our results against current semi-quantitative surrogates of dysfunction such as signal enhancement area and slope. Biological sex, stroke lesion type and overall burden of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were significant predictors of intensity, spectral, and texture features extracted from the ventricular region (p-value < 0.05), explaining between a fifth and a fourth of the data variance (0.20 ≤Adj.R2 ≤ 0.25). We observed that spectral feature reflected more the dysfunction compared to other descriptors since the overall WMH burden explained consistently the power spectra variability in blood vessels, cerebrospinal fluid, deep grey matter and white matter. Our preliminary results show the potential of the framework for the analysis of dynamic contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions in SVD since significant variation in our metrics was related to the burden of SVD features. Therefore, our proposal may increase sensitivity to detect subtle features of small vessel dysfunction. A public version of the code will be released on our research website

Tracer kinetic assessment of blood–brain barrier leakage and blood volume in cerebral small vessel disease: Associations with disease burden and vascular risk factors

Funding Information: The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: Wellcome Trust [grant number WT088134/Z/09/A ; SDJM, FC]; Row Fogo Charitable Trust (MCVH, FC, AKH, PAA); Scottish Funding Council Scottish Imaging Network A Platform for Scientific Excellence collaboration (JMW); NHS Lothian R + D Department (MJT); the UK Dementia Research Institute which receives its funding from DRI Ltd, funded by the UK MRC, Alzheimer’s Research UK and the Alzheimer’s Society (MS, FC, ES, JMW); the Fondation Leducq Transatlantic Network of Excellence for the Study of Perivascular Spaces in Small Vessel Disease [reference number 16 CVD 05] (MS); and European Union Horizon 2020 [project number 666881, SVDs@Target] (MS, FC). We acknowledge the participants, their relatives, and carers for their participation in this study, and the staff of NHS Lothian Stroke Services and Brain Research Imaging Centre Edinburgh for their assistance in recruiting and assessing the patients.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Identification of the presence of ischaemic stroke lesions by means of texture analysis on brain magnetic resonance images

Study funding This work was funded by the Row Fogo Charitable Trust (MVH, VGC) grant no. BRO-D.FID3668413, and the Wellcome Trust (patient recruitment, scanning, primary study Ref No. 088134/Z/09). The study was conducted independently of the funders who do not hold the data and did not participate in the study design or analyses. The Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 is funded by Age UK (Disconnected Mind grant) and the Medical Research Council (MRC; MR/M01311/1, G1001245, 82800), and the latter supported BSA. IJD was supported by the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, which is funded by the MRC and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (MR/K026992/1). David Moratal acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and FEDER funds under Grant BFU2015-64380-C2-2-R, and from the Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport, Generalitat Valenciana (grants AEST/2017/013 and AEST/2018/021). Rafael Ortiz-Ramón was supported by grant ACIF/2015/078 and grant BEFPI/2017/004 from the Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport of the Valencian Community (Spain).Peer reviewedPublisher PD